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| dct:abstract
| - The discovery of a female Nesiotinus sp. on a living Common (Kerguelen) Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul from the Kerguelen Islands was published in 2003. In this paper the specimen is described as Nesiotinus kerguelensis n. sp. and becomes the second known species in this unusual genus, which apparently is only found on penguins and some tubenoses (Procellariiformes). In contrast to the almost twice as large N. demersus KELLOGG, N. kerguelensis n. sp. differs clearly in head structures (such as conus, pulvinus, and hypopharyngeal sclerite), chaetotaxy, functioning spiracle on abdominal segment II, and the abdominal tergopleurites VII and VIII. When the genus was discovered around 100 years ago, it was wrongly thought to be an aberrant member of the Ischnocera since it possessed some characters typical of Amblycera. Although Nesiotinus cannot be regarded as being a connection between the Ischnocera and the Amblycera, it does have some morphological characters that make it difficult to determine its closest relatives within the avian Ischnocera. Its secondary prognathic head posture has led to the front of the head being considerably reduced in size and altered in structure, but without the loss of the bristle pattern typical of the avian Ischnocera. The prognathism of the third larval instar is more clearly developed than in the imago, and it is only in the latter that the pterotheca appears. Also the psocopteroid (meso-)metanotal hump in the otherwise maggot-like habitus of the third larval instar (according to v. KELER'S findings), both of them imaginifugal characters, are unique to Nesiotinus. Further distinguishing features of Nesiotinus are the cutting mandibles (Mandibula secans), whose structure is probably suitable for clinging onto a feather but whose primary function is presumably to cut open the skin of the host to gain access to blood for feeding on. The hypopharyngeal sclerite belongs to a derived type and no longer bears much resemblance to the widely distributed philopterid type seen in other avian Ischnocera (e. g. Austrogoniodes). The palps of the praementum are not equipped with fine narrow setae but with short thick bristles. The stigmata of abdominal segments (II) III to VII lie dorsally on the hind margin of the tergopleurite, but those of segment VIII lie ventro-laterally. Nesiotinus differs from all other avian Ischnocera by the lateral anastomoses connecting both tracheal branches at the end of the abdomen. The relative diameter of the tracheae of Nesiotinus is larger than in any other species except the amblyceran Piagetiella. Also the abdominal distribution pattern and structure of the post-spiracular bristle (paxilla) and post-spiracular sensillum (adjacent sensillus) is unique to Nesiotinus: segments II (sic!) to VI have both, segment VII has a paxilla only, and VIII has only a macrochaeta with an accompanying fine bristle. There is no trichobothrium on the hind corners of the mesometathorax as well as of abdominal segment VIII. What is also remarkable is the thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as well as the genitals. Nesiotinus appears to be softer skinned than other Philopterocera, although its sclerotisations are more pronounced than those of many Menoponidae. All these complex characters taken together might support a separate position for Nesiotinus within the system of the Ischnocera, which was allocated to it by HARRISON as early as 1915 when he placed it in the monotypic family Nesiotinidae. The result of this study supports the assumption, based on the parasitophyletic viewpoint, that a common occurrence of Nesiotinus in a tubenose (Pelecanoides) and a penguin genus (Aptenodytes) could be regarded as a strong indication of a phylogenetic relationship between the Procellariiformes and the Sphenisciformes. It can be expected that further Nesiotinus species will be discovered in the future.
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| bibo:abstract
| - The discovery of a female Nesiotinus sp. on a living Common (Kerguelen) Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul from the Kerguelen Islands was published in 2003. In this paper the specimen is described as Nesiotinus kerguelensis n. sp. and becomes the second known species in this unusual genus, which apparently is only found on penguins and some tubenoses (Procellariiformes). In contrast to the almost twice as large N. demersus KELLOGG, N. kerguelensis n. sp. differs clearly in head structures (such as conus, pulvinus, and hypopharyngeal sclerite), chaetotaxy, functioning spiracle on abdominal segment II, and the abdominal tergopleurites VII and VIII. When the genus was discovered around 100 years ago, it was wrongly thought to be an aberrant member of the Ischnocera since it possessed some characters typical of Amblycera. Although Nesiotinus cannot be regarded as being a connection between the Ischnocera and the Amblycera, it does have some morphological characters that make it difficult to determine its closest relatives within the avian Ischnocera. Its secondary prognathic head posture has led to the front of the head being considerably reduced in size and altered in structure, but without the loss of the bristle pattern typical of the avian Ischnocera. The prognathism of the third larval instar is more clearly developed than in the imago, and it is only in the latter that the pterotheca appears. Also the psocopteroid (meso-)metanotal hump in the otherwise maggot-like habitus of the third larval instar (according to v. KELER'S findings), both of them imaginifugal characters, are unique to Nesiotinus. Further distinguishing features of Nesiotinus are the cutting mandibles (Mandibula secans), whose structure is probably suitable for clinging onto a feather but whose primary function is presumably to cut open the skin of the host to gain access to blood for feeding on. The hypopharyngeal sclerite belongs to a derived type and no longer bears much resemblance to the widely distributed philopterid type seen in other avian Ischnocera (e. g. Austrogoniodes). The palps of the praementum are not equipped with fine narrow setae but with short thick bristles. The stigmata of abdominal segments (II) III to VII lie dorsally on the hind margin of the tergopleurite, but those of segment VIII lie ventro-laterally. Nesiotinus differs from all other avian Ischnocera by the lateral anastomoses connecting both tracheal branches at the end of the abdomen. The relative diameter of the tracheae of Nesiotinus is larger than in any other species except the amblyceran Piagetiella. Also the abdominal distribution pattern and structure of the post-spiracular bristle (paxilla) and post-spiracular sensillum (adjacent sensillus) is unique to Nesiotinus: segments II (sic!) to VI have both, segment VII has a paxilla only, and VIII has only a macrochaeta with an accompanying fine bristle. There is no trichobothrium on the hind corners of the mesometathorax as well as of abdominal segment VIII. What is also remarkable is the thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy as well as the genitals. Nesiotinus appears to be softer skinned than other Philopterocera, although its sclerotisations are more pronounced than those of many Menoponidae. All these complex characters taken together might support a separate position for Nesiotinus within the system of the Ischnocera, which was allocated to it by HARRISON as early as 1915 when he placed it in the monotypic family Nesiotinidae. The result of this study supports the assumption, based on the parasitophyletic viewpoint, that a common occurrence of Nesiotinus in a tubenose (Pelecanoides) and a penguin genus (Aptenodytes) could be regarded as a strong indication of a phylogenetic relationship between the Procellariiformes and the Sphenisciformes. It can be expected that further Nesiotinus species will be discovered in the future.
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| dct:bibliographicCitation
| - Mey, E. 2010. <em>Nesiotinus kerguelensis</em> n. sp. - ein Federling (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae s.l.) vom Lummensturmvogel <em>Pelecanoides urinatrix exsul </em>von den subantarktischen Kerguelen, nebst Anmerkungen zur Gattung <em>Nesiotinus </em>Kellogg. <em>Rudolstaedter Naturhistorische Schriften</em>, 17: 77-94.
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