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| - Distribution. Within the Erebia manto-complex there exists a group of morphologically well-defined populations : the bubastis-group. Its range is split into three subareas : in the Valais (ssp. bubastis Meisner, 1818), in the Italian Maritime Alps (ssp. valmaritima Floriani, 1965) and in the Alps of Savoie (ssp. willieni ssp. n.). Variation. Within the bubastis-group three differentiation levels can be recognised, which are correlated to successive periods of isolation 1st level differentiation, resulting from postglacial isolation on different massifs, gave rise to differences between populations within the same subarea. 2nd level differentiation, resulting from isolation in different refugia during Wurmglaciation, led to the differences between the overall-populations of the three subareas (i.c. between the three subspecies). 3rd level differentiation, resulting from still earlier isolation (at the latest during Riss-glaciation), led to the differences between the bubastis-group as a whole and the remaining subspecies of E manto. Taxonomy. As the differentiation levels result from the glaciation rhythm, they are to be found in all European montane and alpine butterflies. Within the genus Erebia, all taxa exhibiting 3rd level differences have been shown to be biological species. This strongly suggests that the bubastis-group represents a species different from E. manto. The striking differences in their genitalia do support this hypothesis. However, definite proof of their reproductive isolation is still lacking.
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| bibo:abstract
| - Distribution. Within the Erebia manto-complex there exists a group of morphologically well-defined populations : the bubastis-group. Its range is split into three subareas : in the Valais (ssp. bubastis Meisner, 1818), in the Italian Maritime Alps (ssp. valmaritima Floriani, 1965) and in the Alps of Savoie (ssp. willieni ssp. n.). Variation. Within the bubastis-group three differentiation levels can be recognised, which are correlated to successive periods of isolation 1st level differentiation, resulting from postglacial isolation on different massifs, gave rise to differences between populations within the same subarea. 2nd level differentiation, resulting from isolation in different refugia during Wurmglaciation, led to the differences between the overall-populations of the three subareas (i.c. between the three subspecies). 3rd level differentiation, resulting from still earlier isolation (at the latest during Riss-glaciation), led to the differences between the bubastis-group as a whole and the remaining subspecies of E manto. Taxonomy. As the differentiation levels result from the glaciation rhythm, they are to be found in all European montane and alpine butterflies. Within the genus Erebia, all taxa exhibiting 3rd level differences have been shown to be biological species. This strongly suggests that the bubastis-group represents a species different from E. manto. The striking differences in their genitalia do support this hypothesis. However, definite proof of their reproductive isolation is still lacking.
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| - Cupedo, F. 1997. Die geographische Variabilität und der taxonomische Status der <i>Erebia manto bubastis</i>-Gruppe, nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart (Nymphalidae: Satyridae). <i>Nota Lepidopetrologica</i>, 20(1/2): 3-22.
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