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| dct:abstract
| - This treatise involves intergeneric relationships among Opitzius Barr, Epiphloeus Spinola, and oeus Opitz. For the most part, it is a work that brings together a number of epiphloeines that were classified under Epiphloeus Kuwert; as listed in the Corporaal catalogue published in 1950. Twenty-six species comprise Megaphloeus Opitz, of which 12 were previously described: M. animosus (Wolcott) (type locality: Costa Rica, Turrialba), M. lividipes (Chevrolat) (type locality: Venezuela), M. marginipes (Chevrolat) locality: Mexico, Cordoba), M. mucoreus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil), M. nubilus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil), M. parrulus (Schenkling) (type locality: Brazil, Goyas), M. setulosus Thomson (type locality: Mexico), M. sexplagiatus (Kuwert) (type locality: Peru, Amazonas), M. terzonattes (Gorham) (type locality: Brazil, Ega), M. tricolor (Kuwert) (type locality: Brazil, Amazonas), M. velutinus (Gorham) (type locality: Brazil, Amazonas), M. variegatus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil, Para). The following new species are included Megaphloeus Opitz: M. absentis (type locality: Mexico, Puebla, 4.6 km E. Teziutlan), M. bulatus (type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Est. Aguhas), M. cartus (type locality: Belize, Orange Walk, Rio Bravo construction area. LaMilpa), .14. circinus (type locality: Colombia, Vaupes, R.N. Mosiro-Itajura, Caparu, Centro Abiental), M. fucoaquilus (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes), M. longius (type locality: Honduras, Olancho, P.N. La Muralla), M. megasensibilis (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes). M. pectilis (type locality: Guyana, Region 8, lwokrama Forest, I km W Kurupukari, Iwokrama Field Station), M. platyglenus (type locality: Ecuador, Orellana, 1km S Onkone Gare Camp.), M. rictocaliginus (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes), M. tigrinus (type locality: Colombia, Putumayo, PNN LaPaya Fea Charapa), M. ustafinis (type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sinop), M. ustus (type locality: Brazil, Nova Teutonia), and M. vitellinus (type locality: Brazil, Amazonia). Eleven new synonymies are established in this work: Synonymized under Megaphloeus mucoreus (Klug) are Enoplium fasciatum Klug, Epiphloeus balteatus Chevrolat, Epiphloeus tomentosus Spinola, and Epiphloeus bakeri Wolcott; under M setulosus (Thomson), Epiphloeus debilis Kuwert and Epiphloeus obscurus; under M. tricolor (Kuwert), Epiphloeus micaceus Chapin; under M. velutinus, Epiphloeus tibialis Kuwert, and under Enoplium variegatum Klug, Epiphloeus omegas Spinola, Epiphloeus buquetii Spinola, and Phyllobaenus manni Wolcott. Nine lectotypes lave been designated; they involve Epiphloeus lividipes Chevrolat, Epiphloeus marginipes Chevrolat, Enoplium mucorecan Klug, Epiphloeus parvulus Schenkling, Epiphloeus setulosus Thomson, Epiphloeus terzonatus Gorham, Epiphloeus tricolor Kuwert, Enoplium variegatum Klug, and Epiphloeus velutinus Gorham. Megaphloeines are arbophilic insects involved in tritrophic interactions along with host plants and bark beetles. Evidence suggests that Megaphloeus beetles have a kaironomal response to bark beetle aggregate pheromones and host tree terpines. Specimens have been collected in flight intercept traps laced with ethanol, or mixtures involving sulcatol-ethanol and a-pinine+ethanol in forests laden with Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Pints taeda Linnaeus, or Pinus caribaea Morelet v. hondurensis. Megaphloeus beetles were collected throughout the year in tropical and subtropical zones at altitudes ranging from 10 to 1850 m. What distinguishes Megaphloeus among other epiphloeines is that the phallic apex is large and triangular. Distributional evidence suggests that ancestral Megaphloeus originated in South America and perhaps in environs of the Andes or lowland Amazonia. Decendants dispersed northwestward to enter Middle America after closures of the portals of insular Central America. A matrix of 26 character states was analyzed, manually and with Winclada. The two analyses yielded two very similar proposals of intergeneric and megaphloean interspecies groups phylogenies. It is postulated that Megaphloeus Opitz is the sister taxon of a lineage that eventually produced members of genera Opitzius Barr and Epiphloeus Spinola. In addition to the conventional taxonomic sections, included in this treatise is a Spanish translation of the abstract and of a key to species groups and species. Included are 104 line drawings, two habitus illustrations, eight electron micrographs, 11 distributional maps, two phylogenetic trees, a matrix of 26 character states, and a table showing the distribution of Megaphloeus Opitz species groups among montane and lowland refugia of Middle and South America.
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| bibo:abstract
| - This treatise involves intergeneric relationships among Opitzius Barr, Epiphloeus Spinola, and oeus Opitz. For the most part, it is a work that brings together a number of epiphloeines that were classified under Epiphloeus Kuwert; as listed in the Corporaal catalogue published in 1950. Twenty-six species comprise Megaphloeus Opitz, of which 12 were previously described: M. animosus (Wolcott) (type locality: Costa Rica, Turrialba), M. lividipes (Chevrolat) (type locality: Venezuela), M. marginipes (Chevrolat) locality: Mexico, Cordoba), M. mucoreus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil), M. nubilus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil), M. parrulus (Schenkling) (type locality: Brazil, Goyas), M. setulosus Thomson (type locality: Mexico), M. sexplagiatus (Kuwert) (type locality: Peru, Amazonas), M. terzonattes (Gorham) (type locality: Brazil, Ega), M. tricolor (Kuwert) (type locality: Brazil, Amazonas), M. velutinus (Gorham) (type locality: Brazil, Amazonas), M. variegatus (Klug) (type locality: Brazil, Para). The following new species are included Megaphloeus Opitz: M. absentis (type locality: Mexico, Puebla, 4.6 km E. Teziutlan), M. bulatus (type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Est. Aguhas), M. cartus (type locality: Belize, Orange Walk, Rio Bravo construction area. LaMilpa), .14. circinus (type locality: Colombia, Vaupes, R.N. Mosiro-Itajura, Caparu, Centro Abiental), M. fucoaquilus (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes), M. longius (type locality: Honduras, Olancho, P.N. La Muralla), M. megasensibilis (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes). M. pectilis (type locality: Guyana, Region 8, lwokrama Forest, I km W Kurupukari, Iwokrama Field Station), M. platyglenus (type locality: Ecuador, Orellana, 1km S Onkone Gare Camp.), M. rictocaliginus (type locality: Brazil, Rondonia, 62 km SE Ariquemes), M. tigrinus (type locality: Colombia, Putumayo, PNN LaPaya Fea Charapa), M. ustafinis (type locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sinop), M. ustus (type locality: Brazil, Nova Teutonia), and M. vitellinus (type locality: Brazil, Amazonia). Eleven new synonymies are established in this work: Synonymized under Megaphloeus mucoreus (Klug) are Enoplium fasciatum Klug, Epiphloeus balteatus Chevrolat, Epiphloeus tomentosus Spinola, and Epiphloeus bakeri Wolcott; under M setulosus (Thomson), Epiphloeus debilis Kuwert and Epiphloeus obscurus; under M. tricolor (Kuwert), Epiphloeus micaceus Chapin; under M. velutinus, Epiphloeus tibialis Kuwert, and under Enoplium variegatum Klug, Epiphloeus omegas Spinola, Epiphloeus buquetii Spinola, and Phyllobaenus manni Wolcott. Nine lectotypes lave been designated; they involve Epiphloeus lividipes Chevrolat, Epiphloeus marginipes Chevrolat, Enoplium mucorecan Klug, Epiphloeus parvulus Schenkling, Epiphloeus setulosus Thomson, Epiphloeus terzonatus Gorham, Epiphloeus tricolor Kuwert, Enoplium variegatum Klug, and Epiphloeus velutinus Gorham. Megaphloeines are arbophilic insects involved in tritrophic interactions along with host plants and bark beetles. Evidence suggests that Megaphloeus beetles have a kaironomal response to bark beetle aggregate pheromones and host tree terpines. Specimens have been collected in flight intercept traps laced with ethanol, or mixtures involving sulcatol-ethanol and a-pinine+ethanol in forests laden with Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Pints taeda Linnaeus, or Pinus caribaea Morelet v. hondurensis. Megaphloeus beetles were collected throughout the year in tropical and subtropical zones at altitudes ranging from 10 to 1850 m. What distinguishes Megaphloeus among other epiphloeines is that the phallic apex is large and triangular. Distributional evidence suggests that ancestral Megaphloeus originated in South America and perhaps in environs of the Andes or lowland Amazonia. Decendants dispersed northwestward to enter Middle America after closures of the portals of insular Central America. A matrix of 26 character states was analyzed, manually and with Winclada. The two analyses yielded two very similar proposals of intergeneric and megaphloean interspecies groups phylogenies. It is postulated that Megaphloeus Opitz is the sister taxon of a lineage that eventually produced members of genera Opitzius Barr and Epiphloeus Spinola. In addition to the conventional taxonomic sections, included in this treatise is a Spanish translation of the abstract and of a key to species groups and species. Included are 104 line drawings, two habitus illustrations, eight electron micrographs, 11 distributional maps, two phylogenetic trees, a matrix of 26 character states, and a table showing the distribution of Megaphloeus Opitz species groups among montane and lowland refugia of Middle and South America.
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| dct:bibliographicCitation
| - Opitz, W. 2011. Classification, natural history, and evolution of Epiphloeinae (Coleoptera, Cleridae) Part IX. The genus <em>Megaphloeus </em>Opitz, 2010. <em>Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey</em>, 33: 63-132.
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